Dr. Carol Johnston—Arizona State University nutrition professor and registered dietitian known online as “The Vinegar Lady”—joins Rob to break down what decades of research actually say about vinegar, blood glucose, and metabolic health. Johnston explains how her work began with an obscure 1988 rat study and led to a landmark 2004 Diabetes Care paper showing vinegar could blunt post-meal blood glucose spikes in people without diabetes, those with pre-diabetes, and those with type 2 diabetes. They dig into why vinegar still gets treated like “fringe” advice despite strong replication across countries—and why the mechanism overlaps with a major target of metformin. The conversation gets highly practical: why liquid vinegar matters (pills don’t), how timing at the start of a meal changes outcomes, and the two core mechanisms—reduced starch digestion plus increased glucose uptake into muscle via GLUT4, similar to the effect of post-meal walking. Johnston also connects vinegar to the gut microbiome and acetate’s growing role in brain and energy metabolism, sharing her own routine (on vegetables) and emerging findings on cognitive/depression measures supported by metabolomics. You’ll also hear real-world implementations like homemade vinaigrettes (flip the ratio to 2:1 vinegar to oil), mustard as a stealth vinegar vehicle, and even “pickle sickles,” plus safety notes around dilution, enamel, and gastroparesis risk. Chapters: 00:01 Intro: “The Vinegar Lady” + why vinegar is on the table for diabetes 01:35 Johnston’s background + why she studies simple, sustainable nutrition strategies 03:03 The 1988 rat study discovery → the first human trials with bagels + vinegar 04:32 Publishing in Diabetes Care (2004) + replication across the world 05:53 Why clinicians resist vinegar (“we have drugs for this”) + metformin overlap 10:28 Acetic acid, fermentation, and the gut microbiome connection (why it matters) 14:04 The two key mechanisms: starch digestion interference + faster muscle glucose uptake 22:46 Practical + safety: pills don’t work, dilution, enamel/aspiration risk, timing with meals 25:53 Johnston’s personal protocol + brain/cognition/depression angle + metabolomics support 46:47 Athletic applications: pickle juice, “pickle sickles,” mustard hack + where research goes next